Konflik Israel-Palestina

May 14 2024

Munculnya peran opini publik dan media sosial dalam politik Timur Tengah

Rifani Agnes Eka Wahyuni Asia Pacific, Politics, Social and Culture, Think Konflik Israel-Palestina, Middle East, Public Opinion, Tik Tok 0

Di tengah perang di Gaza, lonjakan media berita alternatif dan media sosial telah secara signifikan meningkatkan dukungan untuk perjuangan Palestina

Serangan Hamas: Mengganggu proses perdamaian Timur Tengah

Hingga paruh kedua tahun 2023, negara-negara Timur Tengah dan Muslim telah mengesampingkan masalah Palestina, dan sering kali lebih memilih keuntungan politik daripada menunjukkan dukungan ideologis untuk Palestina. Dengan Uni Emirat Arab (UEA) – salah satu perantara kekuatan terkuat di kawasan itu – menormalkan hubungan dengan Israel (di antara yang lain) di bawah Kesepakatan Abraham, tampaknya sekutu dekatnya, Arab Saudi, kemungkinan besar akan mengikutinya dan perjuangan Palestina akan dilupakan. Bahkan Presiden Turki Recep Tayyip Erdogan, pendukung keuangan dan logistik kelompok bersenjata Hamas[1], secara perlahan-lahan meningkatkan perdagangan dan hubungan lainnya dengan Israel dalam upaya untuk menopang ekonominya yang sedang merosot dan memanfaatkan penemuan gas di Laut Tengah.[2] Amerika Serikat (AS) di bawah Biden perlahan-lahan mulai masuk ke dalam gagasan proses perdamaian Timur Tengah yang tidak terbebani oleh aksi-aksi Israel di Palestina.

Namun, proses ini secara signifikan dipengaruhi oleh serangan 7 Oktober di Israel ketika Hamas[3] merobek-robek sistem pertahanan Israel yang canggih untuk meluncurkan serangan darat, udara, dan laut yang terkoordinasi. Dalam prosesnya, warga Israel terbunuh atau ditangkap, yang mengarah pada respon brutal oleh Israel yang telah menewaskan banyak warga Palestina selama beberapa bulan terakhir.

Dampak

Perang yang terjadi antara Israel dan Palestina telah menyebabkan kecaman yang meluas terhadap Israel dan Hamas serta perubahan geopolitik yang besar di wilayah tersebut. Pertama, lintasan Perjanjian Abraham terhenti dan bahkan dibatalkan dalam beberapa hal. Arab Saudi, yang berada di ambang normalisasi hubungan dengan Israel, harus menghentikan sementara rencananya dan fokus untuk mengakhiri perang sesegera mungkin. Erdogan, yang pada awalnya terlihat netral, segera melontarkan kritik keras terhadap Israel dan pemimpinnya, Netanyahu.[4]

Yang membuat frustasi kepemimpinan Israel, tidak hanya tidak berhasil mencapai tujuan awalnya untuk menghancurkan Hamas, tetapi tindakannya juga dirujuk ke Mahkamah Internasional untuk genosida yang masuk akal.[5] Meskipun tidak ada keputusan konkret yang dijatuhkan, pertimbangan atas tindakannya menjadi pukulan besar bagi citranya di mata opini publik global.

Baru-baru ini, seruan untuk solusi dua negara telah meningkat secara signifikan. Solusi dua negara mengacu pada pembentukan sebuah negara Palestina yang terpisah berdasarkan perbatasan yang disepakati pada tahun 1967[6], sebuah langkah yang akan memberikan kedaulatan kepada Palestina dan, selanjutnya, kehadirannya di badan-badan internasional seperti Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (PBB). PM Israel Netanyahu telah menolak secara bulat langkah tersebut, dan menganggapnya sebagai ancaman keamanan.

Namun, seruan ini semakin kuat sejak perang dimulai. Bahkan Presiden AS Biden[7], sekutu terdekat Israel, telah mengulangi seruannya untuk solusi dua negara setelah perang mereda. Arab Saudi baru-baru ini menyatakan bahwa mereka tidak akan menormalkan hubungan dengan Israel tanpa adanya solusi dua negara di atas meja.[8]

Menjelaskan pembalikan politik: Opini publik

Lintasan hubungan Timur Tengah dengan Israel sebelum Oktober 2023 dan dukungan jangka panjang AS untuk Israel membuktikan bahwa faktor ideologis tidak memotivasi seruan baru untuk solusi dua negara. Sebuah entri baru dalam kotak hitam pembuatan kebijakan luar negeri adalah kuatnya opini publik yang mendukung Palestina, yang memaksa para pemimpin negara untuk mengambil posisi yang setidaknya netral, jika tidak positif terhadap Palestina.

Media sosial telah menjadi salah satu alat terkuat yang digunakan oleh para netizen untuk menyoroti berbagai kebrutalan tentara Israel di Palestina dan mempengaruhi opini publik. Dalam hal ini, jurnalis warga seperti Wael al-Dahlouh[9] dan Motaz Azaiza[10] telah mendokumentasikan berbagai masalah di Palestina yang melewati media tradisional dan menjangkau warga biasa di seluruh dunia.

Begitu parahnya dampak yang ditimbulkan sehingga seorang pejabat TikTok harus mengeluarkan klarifikasi bahwa bukan algoritme yang mendukung opini pro-Palestina[11], melainkan pengguna TikTok yang secara berlebihan memposting untuk mendukungnya. Selain itu, outlet berita seperti Al Jazeera, TRT World, RT News, dan media alternatif yang tidak berpihak pada Barat dalam konflik ini telah memberikan lebih banyak pilihan bagi masyarakat untuk mengkonsumsi berita yang pro-Palestina.[12]

Hal ini memiliki pengaruh yang kuat terhadap politik dalam negeri di banyak negara. Sebagai contoh, peringkat persetujuan Presiden AS Biden telah turun secara signifikan karena masalah Palestina.[13] Ini merupakan salah satu contoh pertama di mana isu kebijakan luar negeri yang tidak melibatkan tentara Amerika (setidaknya untuk beberapa bulan pertama) menyebabkan penurunan peringkat persetujuan. Partai Demokrat juga menghadapi pemilu yang ketat pada tahun 2024 dengan mantan Presiden Donald Trump yang mencoba untuk kembali. Dengan latar belakang ini, negara-negara bagian yang memiliki populasi Arab-Amerika yang signifikan seperti Michigan, Arizona, Minnesota, dan lain-lain, telah meluncurkan kampanye untuk memberikan suara menentang Partai Demokrat[14], yang mengarah pada tindakan seperti membuka daftar Islamofobia untuk menenangkan para pemilih Muslim.[15]

Demikian pula, Turki dan Arab Saudi juga telah tergerak oleh tekanan opini publik. Dengan demikian, meskipun Erdogan[16] berusaha mempertahankan sikap netral dan telah menawarkan diri untuk menjadi penengah dalam konflik tersebut, opini publik di negaranya, seperti yang terlihat dalam demonstrasi pro-Palestina yang besar, membuatnya mengubah sikapnya dan mengutuk Israel dengan keras. Pola yang sama dapat dilihat di banyak negara lain seperti Mesir, Yordania, dan banyak negara mayoritas Arab dan Muslim lainnya di seluruh dunia. Sebagai contoh, Bahrain, yang telah menormalkan hubungan dengan Israel[17], memanggil pulang duta besarnya untuk Israel (selangkah lagi untuk memutuskan hubungan), yang menunjukkan pembalikan keuntungan politik bagi Israel di wilayah tersebut. Seperti yang diukur oleh proyek barometer Arab Princeton, opini publik[18] di sebagian besar dunia Arab semakin mendukung Palestina dan, dalam beberapa kasus, bahkan Hamas sebagai gerakan perlawanan karena penyebaran luas media sosial dan outlet berita lokal.

Serangan 7 Oktober bukan hanya serangan terhadap kepentingan Israel, namun juga terhadap normalisasi hubungan dengan Israel di seluruh dunia Arab dan Muslim. Bangkitnya opini publik sebagai kekuatan mobilisasi yang kuat merupakan salah satu faktor besar yang telah memaksa negara-negara Barat dan Arab untuk mengubah arah pandangan mereka terhadap Israel dan konflik. Tidak diragukan lagi, hal ini mungkin bukan satu-satunya faktor yang mendorong kebijakan, tetapi pasti akan memainkan peran utama di masa depan.

Oleh karena itu, untuk memahami hasil masa depan dari konflik Timur Tengah, kita harus melampaui pertimbangan politik tradisional dan menambahkan reaksi yang dipicu oleh media sosial ke dalam campuran tersebut. Meskipun tampaknya ada jeda dalam dukungan untuk perjuangan Palestina selama beberapa dekade terakhir, munculnya outlet media berita alternatif dan media sosial telah memainkan peran yang kuat dalam menopang dukungan lagi. Dengan demikian, di masa depan, para pemimpin negara harus mengingat suasana hati negara mereka masing-masing ketika memutuskan bagaimana mendekati konflik di masa depan, terutama ketika menyangkut Israel, yang telah terbukti menjadi salah satu masalah tersulit untuk ditangani sejauh ini.

[1] Tuvan Gumrukcu & Huseyin Hayatsever. (2023, October 25). Turkey’s Erdogan says Hamas is not terrorist organization, cancel trip to Israel. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/turkeys-erdogan-says-hamas-is-not-terrorist-organisation-2023-10-25/

[2] Contributor, J. J. O. (2023, September 29). The Hill. The Hill. https://thehill.com/opinion/international/4228775-what-turkey-israel-reconciliation-means-for-the-region-and-the-world

[3] Ragad, A., Brown, R. I., Garman, B., & Seddon, S. (2023, November 27). How Hamas built a force to attack Israel on 7 October. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67480680

[4] Aydıntaşbaş, A. (2023, November 22). The sultan’s ghost: Erdoğan and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-sultans-ghost-erdogan-and-the-israeli-palestinian-conflict/

[5] Amnesty International. (2024, January 29). Israel must comply with key ICJ ruling ordering it do all in its power to prevent genocide against Palestinians in Gaza. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/01/israel-must-comply-with-key-icj-ruling-ordering-it-do-all-in-its-power-to-prevent-genocide-against-palestinians-in-gaza/

[6] Case, B. (2024, February 6). A two-state solution for Israelis and Palestinians might actually be closer than ever. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/a-two-state-solution-for-israelis-and-palestinians-might-actually-be-closer-than-ever-220524

[7] Biden: Two-state solution still possible with Netanyahu in power. (2024, January 19). POLITICO. https://www.politico.com/news/2024/01/19/biden-speaks-with-netanyahu-amid-two-state-solution-outrage-00136649#:~:text=President%20Joe%20Biden%20on%20Friday,Benjamin%20Netanyahu%20in%20his%20post.

[8] Reuter. (2024, February 7). Saudi Arabia: no Israel ties without recognition of Palestinian state. https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/saudi-arabia-says-there-will-be-no-diplomatic-relations-with-israel-without-an-2024-02-07/

[9] Al-Jazeera. (2023, November 1). To kill a family: The loss of Wael Dahdouh’s family to an Israeli bomb. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/1/to-kill-a-family-the-loss-of-wael-dahdouhs-family-to-israeli-bombs

[10] Al-Jazeera. (2024, January 23). Photojournalist Motaz Azaiza evacuates from Gaza. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/23/gazas-motaz-azaiza-who-documented-israeli-atrocities-evacuates-to-qatar

[11] Jennings, R. (2023, December 13). TikTok isn’t intentionally pushing pro-Palestine content to young Americans. Vox. https://www.vox.com/culture/23997305/tiktok-palestine-israel-gaza-war

[12] Varghese, J. (2024, January 15). Alternative, social media help shape pro-Palestine opinion. Gulf Times. https://gulf-times.com/article/675556/qatar/alternative-social-media-help-shape-pro-palestine-opinion

[13] The New York Times. (2023, December 19). Poll Finds Wide Disapproval of President. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/19/us/politics/biden-israel-gaza-poll.html

[14] Myah Ward. (2023, March 12). Swing-state Muslim leaders launch campaign to ‘abandon’ Biden in 2024. Politco. https://www.politico.com/news/2023/12/02/swing-state-muslim-leaders-biden-00129758

[15] Clerkin, B. (2023, November 2). Kamala Harris unveils anti-Islamophobia push as antisemitism soars. The Jewish Chronicle. https://www.thejc.com/news/world/kamala-harris-unveils-anti-islamophobia-push-as-antisemitism-soars-w5zqo5od

[16] Aydıntaşbaş, A., & Huggard, K. (2023, December 7). Understanding Turkey’s response to the Israel-Gaza crisis. Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/understanding-turkeys-response-to-the-israel-gaza-crisis/

[17] Al-Jazeera, (2023, November 2). Bahrain recalls ambassador from Israel amid escalating assault on Gaza. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/2/bahrain-recalls-ambassador-from-israel-amid-escalating-assault-on-gaza

[18] Hamzawy, A. (2023, November 1). Pay attention to the Arab public response to the Israel-Hamas war. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. https://carnegieendowment.org/2023/11/01/pay-attention-to-arab-public-response-to-israel-hamas-war-pub-90893

Kabinet perang Israel sejauh ini belum bisa memutuskan sikap yang dipilih merespons serangan drone dan rudal Iran. (AFP/-

April 18 2024

Buntut Serangan, Israel Minta Peningkatan Sanksi untuk Iran

Chatrine Debora News, Politics, Security and Defence iran, Israel, Konflik Israel-Palestina 0

Menyusul serangan Iran kepada Israel, para pejabat setempat sudah bertemu setidaknya empat kali. Menteri Luar Negeri Israel, Katz, telah meminta agar sanksi baru dijatuhkan kepada Iran. “Bersamaan dengan respons militer, Israel sedang mempertimbangkan, di mana Israel sudah menghubungi berbagai negara sebagai tindakan bersama ‘diplomasi ofensif melawan Iran.”

Pertemuan yang melibatkan Perdana Menteri Benjamin Netanyahu merupakan “konsultasi keamanan. Iran mengancam akan membalas Israel lagi jika negara Yahudi itu melakukan pembalasan.

Presiden Ebrahim Raisi memberitahu perwakilan Qatar, bahwa respons Tehran terhadap “gerakan terkecil yang bertentangan dengan kepentingannya akan dibalas dengan lebih keras, besar, dan menyakitkan.”

Kepala militer Israel, Herzi Halevi, mengindikasikan kemungkinan pembalasan terhadap serangan Iran. “Kami melihat ke depan dan mempertimbangkan langkah-langkah berikutnya, di mana peluncuran begitu banyak rudal dan drone ke wilayah negara Israel akan dibalas,” katanya.

Negara-negara sekutu Israel di barat telah mendorong negara tersebut untuk merespons dengan cara yang terukur, baik AS maupun UK menjelaskan bahwa mereka tidak akan berpartisipasi dalam serangan pembalasan apa pun.

Pejabat AS mengatakan bahwa beberapa upaya pembalasan untuk serangan Iran, termasuk sekitar 300 misil dan drone, menjadi hal yang tidak terhindarkan, namun pemerintahan Biden menyatakan bahwa mereka berharap serangan balasan perlu dibatasi dan tidak ditujukkan ke wilayah teritorial Iran.

“Kami menghormati keputusan kabinet dan perdana menteri untuk melakukan perang. Kami menyadari bahwa mereka berada dalam keadaan yang sangat sulit,” kata juru bicara keamanan nasional Gedung Putih, John Kirby. Namun, dia menambahkan bahwa Presiden AS Joe Biden “tidak ingin perang dengan Iran. Kami tidak ingin memperluas dan memperdalam konflik ini. Kami tidak ingin melihat situasi menjadi lebih memanas.”

Selain itu, Israel juga sudah berencana untuk melakukan koordinasi dengan AS mengenai responsnya, tetapi pemerintahan Biden telah berkali-kali mengatakan bahwa mereka tidak akan berpartisipasi atau membantu serangan balik Israel. Pejabat AS tampaknya pasrah bahwa pemerintah Israel tidak akan mengikuti saran Biden.

Menteri Luar Negeri Iran, Hossein Amirabdollahian, juga melakukan komunikasi dengan China bahwa Tehran bersedia untuk menunjukkan penahanan dan tidak berniat untuk memperdalam situasi lebih lanjut.

Ada luka mendalam dalam yang membuat Irlandia mendukung Palestina dan mengutuk Israel

April 15 2024

Israel ‘Marah’ kepada Irlandia yang Berencana Segera Mengakui Kedaulatan Palestina

Chatrine Debora News, Politics, Security and Defence Israel, Israel-Palestina, Konflik Israel-Palestina 0

Menteri Luar Negeri Israel sangat marah kepada Irlandia atas beberapa masalah, termasuk mendukung kasus Afrika Selatan terhadap genosida Israel terhadap Gaza di hadapan Mahkamah Internasional. Mereka juga sangat marah atas “pengakuan kemungkinan negara Palestina di masa depan.”

Kementerian Luar Negeri Israel mengecam Perdana Menteri baru Irlandia, Simon Harris,di mana Israel mengatakan bahwa Harris lupa untuk “menyebutkan 133 tawanan Israel yang telah membusuk di terowongan Hamas selama enam bulan terakhir.”

Menteri Luar Negeri Irlandia, Micheal Martin, juga menyatakan bahwa penundaan pengakuan Palestina “tidak kredibel dan tidak bisa diundur lebih lama lagi.” Tidak hanya itu, Irlandia juga menyatakan akan mengundang negara lainnya melalui inisiasi formal untuk perdamaian agar pengakuan negara Palestina akan terjadi.

Sebelumnya, Irlandia menjadi negara Eropa pertama yang mengakui Organisasi Pembebasan Palestina (PLO atau Palestine Liberation Organization) dan pengkritik Israel di Uni Eropa (UE), juga pemerintahan baru Swedia menyatakan bahwa mereka akan mengakui Palestina. Selain itu, Dewan Rakyat di Inggris sudah mendukung resolusi tidak mengikat untuk mendorong London melakukan tindakan yang sama seperti Irlandia. Spanyol melalui Partai Pekerja Sosialis mengajukan proposal untuk mendorong Kongres Spanyol mengakui Palestina, namun jadwal untuk pemungutan suara belum ditentukan. Negara Malta dan Slovekia juga turut mendukung intensi melakukan tindakan serupa.

Senator Irlandia, Averil Power, dari partai sayap kanan-tengah, mengatakan “Rekan-rekan, dua puluh tahun setelah Perjanjian Oslo, prospek mencapai solusi dua negara tampaknya semakin jauh dari tahun sebelumnya. Dan alasannya adalah karena Israel telah melakukan segala yang mereka bisa untuk merusak kemungkinan hasil seperti itu. Sambil berpura-pura berbicara tentang perdamaian, Israel terus meningkatkan pendudukan ilegalnya di Palestina.”

Dukungan Irlandia bukanlah hal baru karena sejak beberapa dekade lalu, dukungan masyakat meningkat terhadap Palestina.

January 27 2024

Lebanon: Serangan Hizbullah akan Berhenti jika Perjanjian di Gaza Tercapai

Chatrine Debora News, Politics, Security and Defence Israel-Palestina, Konflik Israel-Palestina, Lebanon 0

Kelompok militan Islam di Lebanon meluncurkan serangan-serangan akurat yang menargetkan kelompok tentara Israel di sekitar garis militer yang dikuasai Israel. Dalam dukungannya untuk masyarakat Palestina dan gerakan militannya, Hizbullah meluncurkan tiga serangan di distrik Barat dan Timur. Tensi meningkat di sepanjang perbatasan Lebanon dengan Israel meningkat akibat saling tembak antara Hezbollah dan pasukan Israel.

Ini terjadi setelah Israel meluncurkan serangan militer mematikan ke Jalur Gaza menyusul serangan lintas batas oleh kelompok Palestina, Hamas, pada 7 Oktober. Setidaknya 164 anggota Hezbollah telah tewas sejak bentrokan antara kedua belah pihak itu pecah pada Oktober, menurut data yang dirilis oleh kelompok Lebanon tersebut.

Menteri Luar Negeri Lebanon, Abdallah Bou Habib, menyatakan bahwa jika terjadi gencata senjata di Gaza, maka Hizbullah akan menghentikan serangan terhadap pasukan pendudukan Israel (IOF) di wilayah Palestina yang diduduki.

Habib juga menjelaskan bahwa Hizbullah tidak berniat membuka perang lain, namun perang di Gaza adalah hal yang tidak dapat diterima.

Dalam upaya menambah tekanan kepada Lebanon, Israel mengklaim akan melakukan serangan di Lebanon jika perjanjian politik gagal disepakati, menyusul kehadiran Hizbullah di perbatasan dekat Lebanon-Palestina.

Sejak pergerakan militan Islam di Lebanon meluncurkan operasinya pada bulan Oktober yang lalu sebagai dukungan untuk Gaza setelah operasi Banjir Al-Aqsa, hampir seperempat juta pemukim Israel mengungsi dari utara Palestina yang diduduki karena takut akan serangan Hezbollah dan pengulangan skenario serupa dengan yang terjadi di sekitar Gaza.

Israel memberitahu Washington pada bulan Desember bahwa mereka tidak akan memiliki “pilihan lain” selain melancarkan agresi militer terhadap Lebanon jika tidak ada kesepakatan diplomatik yang tercapai yang memungkinkan pemukim entitas tersebut kembali ke Utara. Konflik antara Hizbullah dan Israel bisa menjadi pemicu membesarnya konflik antar kelompok terorisme di wilayah regional tersebut.

The Israeli Prime Minister vowed to press on with the offensive in Gaza 'until complete victory'

January 22 2024

PM Israel Netanyahu Menolak Dorongan AS untuk Isu Palestina

Chatrine Debora News, Politics, Security and Defence Israel-Palestina, Konflik Israel-Palestina, Netanyahu 0

Perdana Menteri Israel Benjamin Netanyahu menyatakan ketidaksetujuannya kepada Amerika Serikat (AS) mengenai pembentukan negara Palestina, menyusul resolusi konflik di Gaza.

Tidak hanya itu, Netanyahu juga menyatakan bahwa dia akan terus melakukan serangan ofensif di Gaza hingga ‘menang seutuhnya’ di mana Ia akan mengusahakan kehancuran Hamas dan pengembalian tahanan Israel.

Dengan lebih dari 25,000 warga Palestina tewas sejak konflik muncul, kata perwakilan Hamas, dan sekitar 85% populasi mengungsi, Israel mengalami tekanan luar biasa untuk menahan diri dari tindakan ofensifnya dan membuka diri untuk dialog.

Aliansi Israel, AS dan beberapa negara lain juga sudah mendorong untuk dilakukannya gencatan senjata dan ‘solusi dua negara’ di mana Palestina akan menjadi negara di samping Israel.

Juru bicara Dewan Keamanan AS John Kirby menyadari adanya perbedaan pandangan antara AS dan Israel.

Gedung Putih merespons dengan menyatakan bahwa AS akan terus ‘bekerja’ menuju solusi dua negara dan bahwa tidak akan ada reokupasi Gaza oleh Israel setelah perang berakhir. “Akan ada Gaza pasca-konflik, tanpa reokupasi Gaza,” kata Penasihat Keamanan Nasional Gedung Putih, John Kirby, kepada wartawan di pesawat Air Force One setelah pidato Netanyahu.

Seiring perkembangan lebih lanjut, segera setelah pidato Netanyahu, Meksiko dan Cile mengumumkan bahwa mereka telah merujuk tindakan Israel di wilayah Palestina yang diduduki kepada jaksa pengadilan pidana internasional untuk penyelidikan kemungkinan “kejahatan perang.” Kementerian Luar Negeri Meksiko menyatakan bahwa langkah tersebut diambil karena keprihatinan yang semakin meningkat terhadap eskalasi kekerasan dan korban sipil.

Sebelumnya pada hari Kamis, Perdana Menteri Netanyahu menekankan bahwa Israel harus memiliki kontrol keamanan atas seluruh wilayah di sebelah barat Sungai Yordan, yang akan mencakup wilayah negara Palestina yang mungkin ada di masa depan. Ia menyatakan bahwa kondisi ini sangat penting untuk keamanan Israel dan bertentangan dengan konsep kedaulatan Palestina. Netanyahu menyampaikan pandangan ini kepada sekutu Amerika, menegaskan komitmennya untuk melindungi keamanan Israel dan menolak upaya untuk memberlakukan situasi yang dapat merugikan keamanan negaranya.

Oposisi Netanyahu terhadap kemerdekaan Palestina telah menjadi tema konsisten sepanjang kariernya di dunia politik, dan baru-baru ini ia mengungkapkan kebanggaannya atas keberhasilan mencegah pendirian negara Palestina. Meskipun Amerika Serikat secara historis mendukung hak Israel untuk membela diri, terdapat kesenjangan yang semakin melebar dengan sekutu Barat karena tindakan militer terus-menerus yang dilakukan oleh Israel. Setelah serangan pada 7 Oktober, yang merupakan yang terburuk dalam sejarah Israel dengan tewasnya sekitar 1.300 orang Israel oleh penembak Hamas dan penyanderaan sekitar 240 orang, AS mendukung hak Israel untuk membela diri. Namun, seiring bertambahnya jumlah kematian di Gaza, pemerintah Barat menyerukan Israel untuk menahan diri.

Stop_the_genocide,_Free_Palestine_023_Mielenosoitus_palestiinalaisten_tueksi_(53274234547)

January 16 2024

Pay Attention to the Accusations of Genocide Against Israel

Samuel Djuarsa News Genosida, Isra, Kebijakan Luar Negeri AS, Konflik Israel-Palestina 0

Regarding the ongoing question of whether Israel is committing genocide in Gaza, the Biden administration has displayed a dismissive attitude.

It appears that U.S. officials have reached a consensus on the term “meritless.” “The allegation of genocide lacks merit,” Secretary of State Antony Blinken stated solemnly during a press conference in Tel Aviv this week. “Unfounded and unhelpful,” exclaimed John Kirby, the spokesperson for the National Security Council. The administration’s apparent lack of concern is hard to believe. The extensive 84-page case presented to the court by South Africa is filled with compelling evidence that highlights Israel’s failure to meet its obligations under the 1948 international genocide convention. This convention defines genocide as deliberate acts aimed at destroying a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group, either in part or in whole. The document presented to the court is thoroughly researched and referenced, and numerous experts have praised the legal argument for its exceptional strength.

Israeli political and military leaders have played a significant role in strengthening the arguments against their government. Israeli officials’ statements are being presented as proof of their intentions. Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has invoked the Old Testament’s account of the massacre of Amalek, urging Israelis to remember and spare no one, regardless of age or gender. Defense Minister Yoav Gallant has made a firm commitment to completely eradicate Gaza, vowing that it will never return to its previous state. The minister of energy and infrastructure has gone as far as declaring that Gaza will be deprived of basic necessities until its inhabitants are no longer alive. Israeli leaders have brought attention to the destruction of Gaza and the displacement of its residents, shedding light on a topic that is often concealed or denied in cases of genocide.

It is uncertain how well each side will present their arguments or how the judges will make their decisions. The hearings taking place in The Hague this week will not provide a definitive answer regarding Israel’s alleged genocide. Determining the truth will require a thorough and meticulous gathering and presentation of evidence, which could potentially span over several years. Currently, South Africa has urgently requested the court to intervene and put an end to Israel’s military actions. The aim is to safeguard the well-being of Palestinians and ensure that crucial evidence is preserved. The panel of judges must be persuaded that the accusation of genocide holds merit in order to issue provisional measures in the near future. Even if there is a recognition that the evidence points towards genocide, it is crucial for the international community to take action and ensure the safety and well-being of the distressed and malnourished population in Gaza. This can be achieved by calling for an immediate cease-fire and providing the Palestinians with substantial aid. In the long run, this case could potentially set a precedent for imposing sanctions on Israel or holding its officials accountable through legal means.

The proceedings hold significance for the United States as well. The Biden administration has played a crucial role in supporting this conflict, providing military assistance, financial aid, and diplomatic protection to Israel, even in the face of alarming reports of Palestinian casualties and forced displacement. If the violence in Gaza is determined to be genocide, it could lead to potential charges of complicity in genocide against the United States, which would be considered a serious crime. Considering the immense influence of the United States and its history of avoiding international repercussions, it may seem unlikely that there will be any significant consequences. However, it is important for Americans to recognize the gravity of the situation and acknowledge that their own government is involved. Israel and its U.S. supporters will, naturally, present a different perspective on this matter. It is important to acknowledge the significant impact that Israel experienced on Oct. 7, when Hamas militants carried out a series of brutal attacks in southern Israel, resulting in the loss of numerous innocent lives and the abduction of many others into Gaza.

Israeli and American officials have consistently cited self-defense as the reason behind the violence in Gaza. This same principle is anticipated to influence Israel’s arguments in The Hague. However, acts of genocide cannot be excused or justified by self-defense, and Israel’s assault on Gaza is an extremely disproportionate response to the crimes of Oct. 7. Israel refrained from carrying out a precise retaliation against Hamas (whose leaders operate their political activities from Qatar) or embarking on a strategic search for the hostages. Israel has only managed to save one hostage, unfortunately, there was a tragic incident where Israeli soldiers mistakenly shot and killed three Israeli hostages who were waving a white flag and pleading for help, as they were mistaken for Palestinians. The majority of the 110 Israeli hostages who have returned home were freed through diplomatic means, such as truce agreements, negotiations, and prisoner exchanges.

Shortly after the Hamas attack, Israel implemented a strict blockade on the Gaza Strip, resulting in the deprivation of essential resources such as electricity, water, fuel, and food for the approximately 2.2 million people living there, including a significant number of children. The blockade itself was a grave violation, demonstrating a disregard for human rights and international law. However, this was just the beginning of a series of troubling events. Soon after, the airstrikes commenced and have persisted ever since. In a television clip from Gaza, Col. Yogev Bar-Sheshet warned of the devastating aftermath that awaits anyone who dares to return. The landscape will be transformed into a barren wasteland, leaving nothing but destruction in its wake. There is a complete absence of houses, agriculture, and any other form of development. They lack potential for growth and development.

According to the Gazan health ministry, the number of casualties in Gaza due to Israeli actions is alarmingly high, reaching over 23,000. Over 9,000 of the deceased are young ones. By late November, UNICEF reported that over 1,000 children had endured painful amputations, often without access to anesthesia. Doctors in Gaza have reported instances where women giving birth were subjected to cesarean sections without anesthesia. Whole communities have been devastated, with a staggering 85 percent of the population forced to leave their homes. In order to comprehend this exceptional outburst of violence as a form of national self-defense, one must acknowledge that Israel’s pursuit of safety hinges on the need to subdue and remove, through various means, the majority of Palestinians from Gaza.

Furthermore, Israeli officials have made similar statements.

Tzipi Hotovely, Israel’s ambassador to Britain, recently discussed with the British TV host Iain Dale the reasons behind Israel’s actions in Gaza. She emphasized the extensive network of tunnels used by Hamas, which she claimed were connected to various buildings including schools, mosques, and houses.

Mr. Dale suggested a drastic solution of demolishing every building in Gaza.

“Is there an alternative option you can propose?” Ms. Hotovely responded.

As the academic conference approached, Israeli officials made efforts to present a more favorable perception.

On Tuesday, the Israeli military shared a video on Twitter emphasizing that their focus is on Hamas, rather than the people of Gaza. According to a report from Israel’s Channel 12, Mr. Netanyahu advised his ministers to exercise caution when discussing the ongoing conflict. Mr. Netanyahu reportedly emphasized the importance of thoughtful language, even though his own rhetoric has been aggressive. Eylon Levy, the Israeli government spokesman, has consistently referred to the South African case as a baseless accusation, drawing parallels to historical conspiracy theories that have long targeted the Jewish community. Mr. Levy sternly warned the South African government that history will pass its judgment without any leniency. The belief that South Africa is perpetuating a long-standing and reprehensible tradition of antisemitism highlights the highly sensitive nature of this case.

The understanding of war crimes and genocide that we have today can be traced back to the atrocities of the Holocaust. When people, including many Americans, who received a thorough education about the Holocaust, hear accusations of genocide being leveled against the Jewish state, it often evokes a strong sense of disbelief. This disbelief stems from the fact that the desperate situation of Palestinians was either downplayed or completely ignored during their academic studies. Recently, an Israeli historian and genocide specialist named Raz Segal, who has claimed that Israel’s activities in Gaza constitute “a textbook case of genocide,” conveyed this cognitive dissonance to me. Segal has called Israel’s actions in Gaza “a textbook case of genocide.”

According to Dr. Segal, a professor at Stockton University in New Jersey, the notion of the Jewish state being capable of war crimes or genocide is completely inconceivable. Israel’s actions are consistently shielded from accountability.

During his address to the tribunal on Thursday, South African barrister Max du Plessis emphasized the importance of considering Israel’s prolonged oppression of Palestinian rights as a significant factor in the violence in Gaza. He highlighted that the situation should not be oversimplified as a mere dispute between two parties. According to him, Israel has been in control for over fifty years and has oppressed the Palestinian people, denying them their right to self-determination. And these violations take place in a world where Israel has long considered itself exempt from and superior to the law.

The concept of “genocide” resonates deeply within our collective consciousness. We consider Rwanda, Bosnia, the Armenians, the Trail of Tears, and, of course, the Holocaust. I have encountered numerous individuals who strongly oppose the notion that Gaza might be undergoing a genocidal situation. The Holocaust, indeed, resulted in the devastating loss of over 60 percent of European Jews. Israel’s conflict, initiated by the tragic loss of Jewish lives, has resulted in the unfortunate loss of approximately 1 percent of the Palestinian population in Gaza. One percent is certainly concerning, but the magnitude of the issue is deeply troubling.

According to the genocide convention, however, this term refers to a deliberate intention to eliminate a specific group of individuals and actively pursuing actions to accomplish that objective. There is no specific point at which death becomes inevitable, nor is there a specific ratio of death that must be met. Committing an act of genocide can involve causing harm to a relatively small number of individuals. We should approach this question with a sense of humility, as we have often demonstrated our ability to acknowledge genocide only after the fact. It is important for us, as Americans and members of the Western world, to reflect on this pattern. Almost all major instances of genocide, such as the Holocaust, were initially met with skepticism and semantic debates before a declaration was eventually made, albeit far too late.

Rwanda, a topic frequently discussed alongside the Holocaust in the tragic history of genocide, was recognized as such only after significant delays and hesitation from European and American authorities, who were reluctant to intervene. During this time, U.S. officials refrained from publicly acknowledging the gravity of the situation. The denial of the Bosnian genocide persists even in academic circles, with some refusing to acknowledge the atrocities that took place.

The harrowing details from Gaza go on and on. The overwhelming strain on the medical system. The tragic loss of humanitarian workers. The killing of journalists. The assault on academic institutions, religious sanctuaries, and artistic expression. The impact on families and the challenges it poses to economic stability and opportunities.

Gaza is a place where safety is a constant concern. This line is duplicated in the South African lawsuit. A large number of individuals are experiencing extreme hunger. Approximately 70 percent of the deceased are women and children, with two mothers losing their lives every hour, according to estimates by the United Nations. During a recent discussion, South African advocate Tembeka Ngcukaitobi highlighted Israel’s decision to withhold fuel and water from Gaza. “There is no doubt about it: It signifies the deliberate creation of circumstances leading to the loss of life for the Palestinian people in Gaza,” stated Mr. Ngcukaitobi. Considering the devastating choices one may face, it is crucial to address the pressing issue at hand. However, to pass away, nonetheless.

The devastation of bakeries, water pipes, sewerage, and electricity networks. Raising Israeli flags above the wreckage. Israel’s government is urging for the return of settlers to Gaza.

November 15 2023

Permainanan Panjang China di Asia Barat

Rifani Agnes Eka Wahyuni Asia Pacific, Politics, Security and Defence, Think Asia Barat, China, Geopolitics, Hamas, Konflik Israel-Palestina 0

Beijing sedang berjuang keras untuk mengatasi dampak dari krisis terbaru di Asia Barat. Beijing telah mengambil sikap yang tampaknya netral, menolak untuk menyebut nama Hamas dalam kecamannya terhadap kekerasan di sana dan mengulangi posisinya yang telah diketahui tentang perlunya solusi dua negara untuk masalah Palestina. Tujuannya adalah untuk memastikan bahwa China tetap mempertahankan daya tariknya dengan negara-negara Arab di kawasan ini, yang sekali lagi fokus pada masalah Palestina. Beijing telah menyerukan gencatan senjata dan dimulainya kembali negosiasi antara kedua belah pihak dan mengirim utusan khusus ke wilayah tersebut. Strateginya tampaknya ditujukan untuk bekerja dengan mantap untuk menerjemahkan pengaruh ekonominya di wilayah tersebut menjadi pengaruh geopolitik dalam jangka menengah.

Pada tanggal 9 Oktober 2023, dua hari setelah serangan Hamas, juru bicara kementerian luar negeri China, Mao Ning, mengatakan bahwa China “sangat sedih” atas jatuhnya korban sipil dan menentang serta mengutuk tindakan-tindakan yang merugikan warga sipil. Dia tidak menyebut nama Hamas dan kemudian menambahkan bahwa “sangat penting untuk memulai kembali perundingan perdamaian, mengimplementasikan solusi dua negara dan menyelesaikan masalah Palestina secara penuh dan benar melalui cara-cara politik.”[1]

Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, China telah muncul sebagai kekuatan yang berkembang di Asia Barat seiring dengan pergeseran kepentingan Amerika Serikat (AS) ke Indo-Pasifik. Wilayah ini merupakan sumber dari sebagian besar minyak yang dibutuhkan China, dan merupakan mitra dagang utama bagi sebagian besar negara di kawasan ini, meskipun AS tetap menjadi kekuatan militer dan diplomatik terkemuka di sana. Beijing memiliki hubungan yang baik dengan semua negara utama-Arab Saudi, Uni Emirat Arab (UEA), Israel, dan Iran-dan memandang kawasan ini sebagai mitra ekonomi utama dan tujuan geopolitik yang penting. Salah satu ciri khas dari pengaruhnya yang semakin besar adalah kehebohan yang ditimbulkan pada awal tahun ini ketika China menjadi perantara kesepakatan perdamaian antara Arab Saudi dan Iran.[2]

China memiliki hubungan perdagangan dan teknologi yang baik dengan Israel, namun mereka tahu bahwa negara Yahudi yang pernah disebut sebagai negara ke-51 di Amerika Serikat ini memiliki hubungan yang mendalam dan tak tergoyahkan dengan AS. Tidak mengherankan jika AS mengirimkan dua kelompok tempur kapal induk ke wilayah tersebut untuk menghalangi intervensi pihak ketiga dalam perang Gaza saat ini.[3]

China belajar dari pengalamannya di awal tahun 2000-an, ketika AS mengakhiri hubungan teknologi pertahanan Israel-China yang sedang berkembang. Salah satu penerima manfaat dari hal ini adalah India, yang mendapatkan sistem peringatan dini udara Phalcon yang dikembangkan Israel untuk China. Setelah itu, hubungan ini telah dimainkan di bidang teknologi sipil dan memiliki kedalaman yang cukup besar bahkan sampai sekarang.

Dari tahun 1950-an dan 60-an, China mendukung gagasan negara Palestina sebagai bagian dari gerakan pembebasan. Namun setelah China mengakui Israel pada tahun 1992, China membina hubungan yang baik dengan Israel dan Palestina. Pada bulan Juni, Presiden Xi Jinping telah menyambut Presiden Palestina Mahmoud Abbas di Beijing[4] untuk kunjungan kenegaraan dan menawarkan untuk menjadi penengah dalam masalah Israel-Palestina. Dalam pernyataan bersama setelah kunjungan tersebut, Xi “menekankan bahwa masalah Palestina masih belum terselesaikan selama lebih dari setengah abad, menyebabkan penderitaan besar bagi rakyat Palestina, dan bahwa keadilan harus ditegakkan bagi Palestina sesegera mungkin.” Dia menyerukan diadakannya “konferensi perdamaian internasional berskala besar, lebih berwibawa, dan lebih berpengaruh” untuk mencapai hal ini.

Setelah itu, Xi juga mengundang Perdana Menteri Israel Benjamin Netanyahu untuk mengunjungi China dan PM Israel telah mengindikasikan bahwa ia akan melakukannya.[5] Namun, sejauh ini, kunjungan tersebut belum terwujud. Perang Gaza mungkin telah mengubah rencana tersebut, namun hal ini mengindikasikan adanya dorongan dari China untuk memainkan peran yang lebih besar, jika tidak menentukan, dalam menyelesaikan masalah Israel-Palestina.

Oleh karena itu, China berusaha untuk menggambarkan dirinya sebagai kekuatan netral dan sebagai pembawa perdamaian di wilayah tersebut. Utusan Khusus China untuk Urusan Timur Tengah, Zhai Zhun, mengatakan dalam sebuah pernyataan minggu lalu[6] bahwa China ingin berkoordinasi dengan Mesir untuk menyusun perjanjian damai antara Israel dan Palestina. Ia menambahkan bahwa, “solusi fundamental terletak pada penerapan solusi dua negara.” Minggu ini, Zhai Zhun diperkirakan akan mengunjungi wilayah tersebut dan meneruskan rencana China.

Namun konflik yang terus berkembang telah memaksa China untuk mengambil sikap yang lebih maju dalam mendukung Arab. Sabtu 14 Oktober 2023, Menteri Luar Negeri China, Wang Yi, mengatakan kepada mitranya dari Arab Saudi, Faisal bin Farhan Al Saud, dalam sebuah panggilan telepon bahwa “tindakan Israel (pengepungan Gaza) sudah melampaui batas pertahanan diri dan harus mengindahkan seruan masyarakat internasional dan Sekretaris Jenderal Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (PBB) untuk menghentikan penghukuman kolektifnya terhadap rakyat Gaza.”[7]

Kemudian, pada hari Senin 16 Oktober 2023, dalam sebuah pertemuan dengan Menteri Luar Negeri Rusia, Sergei Lavrov, di Moskow, Wang menyerukan gencatan senjata.[8] Dia mengatakan bahwa Dewan Keamanan PBB perlu bertindak segera dan negara-negara besar harus memainkan peran utama. “Sangat penting bahwa gencatan senjata harus diberlakukan; kedua belah pihak harus dibawa kembali ke meja perundingan” untuk mencegah bencana kemanusiaan lebih lanjut.

Langkah China dalam perang Isrel-Paletina saat ini menunjukkan strategi jangka panjangnya untuk wilayah tersebut. Selain détente Saudi-Iran, Beijing memainkan peran kunci dalam membawa Arab Saudi, Mesir, UEA, dan Iran ke dalam pengelompokan BRICS pada awal tahun ini.[9] Sebuah analisis dari International Institute of Strategic Studies mencatat bahwa hal ini terjadi setelah masuknya beberapa negara Timur Tengah ke dalam Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) dan merupakan bagian dari upaya China “untuk menerjemahkan pengaruh ekonominya ke dalam dukungan politik regional untuk ambisi globalnya.”[10]

Tidak diragukan lagi bahwa Beijing telah mengumpulkan pengaruh geopolitik yang cukup besar di kawasan ini melalui hubungan ekonomi dan berbagai proyeknya yang berada di bawah rubrik kolektif Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Perlu diketahui bahwa tiga dari mitra Asia Baratnya-Mesir, Arab Saudi, dan Uni Emirat Arab-juga merupakan mitra militer AS. Masing-masing dari mereka memiliki alasan tersendiri untuk membangun hubungan dengan China, sesuatu yang diawasi oleh Washington dengan penuh kewaspadaan.

Seperti dalam kasus Indo-Pasifik, India memainkan peran utama dalam kontra-strategi AS. Hal ini telah melibatkan pembentukan pengelompokan geopolitik baru, I2U2, yang terdiri dari India, Israel, AS, dan UEA; dan sebuah proyek geoekonomi, Koridor Ekonomi India-Eropa-Timur Tengah (IMEEC) – keduanya dikepalai oleh AS.

Dalam krisis saat ini, Beijing sepertinya tidak akan dapat memainkan peran penting dengan segera. Namun, tujuannya tampaknya adalah untuk mengikuti perkembangan yang ada, dan bermain untuk jangka waktu yang lebih panjang. Mengingat situasi Asia Barat yang kompleks, hal ini dapat dimengerti. Bahkan AS pun mengalami kesulitan.[11] China memang memiliki satu keuntungan, yang telah dicatat oleh AS[12]-bahwa negara ini adalah satu-satunya pemain di sana yang memiliki kemampuan untuk mempengaruhi Iran, yang merupakan pendukung Hamas dan juga Hizbullah di Lebanon. Hal ini juga digarisbawahi oleh panggilan dari Menteri Luar Negeri AS, Antony Blinken, kepada mitranya dari China, Wang Yi,[13] di mana ia menegaskan kembali dukungan AS untuk hak Israel untuk mempertahankan diri dan menyerukan agar China membantu menjaga stabilitas di wilayah tersebut serta mencegah “pihak-pihak lain [Iran] untuk masuk ke dalam konflik”. Sebaliknya, Wang mengatakan kepada Blinken bahwa “tanpa rekonsiliasi antara negara Arab dan negara Israel, tidak akan ada perdamaian di Timur Tengah.”[14]

Perang Gaza telah menjungkirbalikkan lempeng tektonik Asia Barat. Hal ini sekarang mengancam dunia. AS dan Eropa berusaha keras untuk mempertahankan kontrol atas peristiwa yang sedang berlangsung, bahkan ketika mereka bergulat dengan perang di Ukraina. Sementara itu, perkembangan ini memberikan unsur kelegaan bagi Rusia dan peluang bagi China. Apakah Beijing dapat memanfaatkannya untuk keuntungannya masih harus dilihat.

[1] Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. Foreign Minsitry Spokeperson Mao Ning’s Regular Press Conference on October 9, 2023. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/202310/t20231009_11158305.html

[2] Paul Salem, The oncoming Saudi-Israel normalization,Middle East Institute, 5 September 2023, https://www.mei.edu/publications/oncoming-saudi-israeli-normalization

[3] Tara Copp & Lolita C.Baldor, More US ships head toward Israel and 2,00 troops are on heightened alert. A look at US assistance. AP, 18 Oktober 2023. https://apnews.com/article/united-states-israel-military-aid-2211b0c7bc27e13175d179a53fde3ac5

[4] Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. Xi Jinping Holds Talks with Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas. 14 Juni 2023. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/wjdt_665385/wshd_665389/202306/t20230618_11099414.html

[5] Didi Tang.Israel-Hamas war upbends China’s ambitions in the Middle East but may serve Beijing in the end. AP News. 15 Oktober 2023. https://apnews.com/article/china-israel-hamas-mideast-war-arab-countries-33d78c0ad6f7cb116d87417ff81ed727

[6] Alyssa Chen. China offers to work with Egypt to end Israel-Gaza conflict. South China Morning Post. 11 Oktober 2023. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3237554/china-offers-work-egypt-end-israel-hamas-conflict-sign-beijings-push-mediate-peace

[7] Holly Chik. Israel ‘gobe beyond self-defence’in Gaza, Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi says, calls to ‘stop collective punishment’. South China Morning Post. 15 Oktober 2023 https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3237992/israel-gone-beyond-self-defence-gaza-chinese-foreign-minister-wang-yi-says-calls-stop-collective

[8] Reuters. China calls for ceasefire in Israel, suggests mediation at meeting with Russia. 16 Oktober 2023. https://www.reuters.com/world/russias-lavrov-discusses-middle-east-crisis-ukraine-with-chinas-wang-yi-2023-10-16/

[9] Carien de Plessis, Anait Miridzhanian & Bhargav Acharya. BRICS welcomes new members in push to reshuffle world order. Reuters. 25 Agustus 2023.https://www.reuters.com/world/brics-poised-invite-new-members-join-bloc-sources-2023-08-24/

[10] Hasan Alhasan, Noor Hammad, & Laith Alajlouni. With BRICS expansion, China and Middle Eastern powers draw closer. IISS. 31 Agustus 2023. https://www.iiss.org/en/online-analysis/online-analysis/2023/08/with-brics-expansion-china-and-middle-eastern-powers-draw-closer/

[11] Lain Marlow. Blinken;s Whirlwind Israel Diplomacy Hits Hard Mideast Realities. Bloomberg, 17 Oktober 2023. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-10-17/blinken-s-whirlwind-israel-diplomacy-hits-hard-mideast-realities?sref=NDAgb47j

[12] Financial Times. US senator seek Xi’s help to pressure Iran on Middle East Conflict. 9 Oktober 2023. https://www.ft.com/content/b0a314d4-e5d5-4413-888e-d863921c4841

[13] U.S. Department of State. Secretary Blinken’s call with People’s Republic of China (PRC) Director of the Office of the Foreign Affairs Commission and Foreign Minister Wang Yi. 14 Oktober 2023. https://www.state.gov/secretary-blinkens-call-with-peoples-republic-of-china-prc-director-of-the-office-of-the-foreign-affairs-commission-and-foreign-minister-wang-yi/

[14] CGTN, Chinese FM speaks with U.S. secretary of state on Paletinian-Israeli conflict. 14 Oktober 2023. https://news.cgtn.com/news/2023-10-14/Chinese-FM-holds-phone-talks-with-U-S-secretary-of-state–1nTRxiKVyog/index.html

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November 10 2023

The Psychological Operation Conducted by Israel in the Gaza Strip

Samuel Djuarsa Asia Pacific, Security and Defence, Think Konflik Israel-Palestina, psychological operations, serangan militer 0

In 2014, the Israeli army conducted a military operation known as “Operation Protective Edge” in the Gaza Strip, which occurred nine years previous to Israel’s ongoing military actions in the region. During the 51-day military operation, a total of 2,251 Palestinian individuals lost their lives, including 551 children. Shortly following the series of killings in 2014, an individual known to me as a psychoanalysis associate residing in Barcelona forwarded a collection of images to me. These visual materials were obtained by this acquaintance from a professional contact situated in Gaza. The photographs depicted paintings created by youngsters residing in the town of Khuzaa, located in the southern Gaza governorate of Khan Yunis, in proximity to the Israeli border.

Upon initial observation, a considerable number of the illustrations exhibit characteristics commonly associated with conventional children’s artwork, showcasing vibrant depictions of dwellings, cheerful stick figures, verdant grass, fluffy clouds, and a radiant sun, among other elements. Notwithstanding the stylistic resemblances, the illustrations portray a conspicuously separate terrain, wherein missiles, tanks, bulldozers, and planes have evidently assumed prominent roles inside the individual realms of the youthful painters.In a particular illustration, a projectile in descent from the atmosphere is seen in the imminent act of colliding with a residential structure painted in orange, including a roof colored in red, and adorned with a Palestinian flag fluttering above. In an alternate scenario, projectiles launched from an aerial vehicle are directed towards a collective of stick figures displaying facial expressions denoting happiness. The artwork presented provides insight into the perspective of Palestinian children, shedding light on the actions carried out by Israel in the Gaza Strip and reinforcing the argument on the detrimental psychological impact of these operations.

The individuals responsible for creating the aforementioned pictures have now transitioned into adolescence, assuming they have endured the recent and ongoing series of violent events in Gaza, which has resulted in the loss of nearly 10,000 lives, including over 4,800 children, as a consequence of Israeli actions. Within the all of the land, it can be argued that there is an absence of a secure location, as Israel continues to indiscriminately target residences, educational institutions, and medical facilities. Israeli military officials have acknowledged abandoning the notion of achieving “surgical” precision. The evident transformation of daily life in Gaza into a distressing experience implies that, even in the absence of ongoing Israeli bombardments, psychological distress is expected to persist, potentially surpassing its previous intensity. In a research published five years ago, the Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC) documented the presence of significant “mental health issues and psychological deterioration” among the youth population in Gaza. In the year 2020, it was observed that a significant proportion of youngsters residing in the besieged enclave had symptoms consistent with the diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

In May 2021, a notable incident of profound irony occurred when twelve youngsters, out of the total count of over 60 casualties resulting from Israeli air attacks on Gaza within a week, were found to be engaged in an NRC psychosocial program designed to aid victims of war-related psychological distress. Furthermore, it is evident that alongside the physical acts of violence, there exists a deliberate endeavor to impose psychological damage onto the population in Gaza.

The English terminology “psychological operations” may not fully encapsulate the nature of Israel’s activities. As per the definition provided by the Merriam-Webster dictionary, the term “psyops” is a plural noun that refers to military operations primarily intended to influence the psychological condition of the adversary by nonviolent methods, such as the dissemination of leaflets. Israel has demonstrated a longstanding proficiency in the deployment of leaflet dissemination from aircraft onto civilian populations in Palestine and Lebanon, frequently accompanied with directives to evacuate certain regions. In contemporary times, these psychological operations (psyops) can also be conveniently executed through cellular phone technology. Nevertheless, considering Israel’s recurrent practice of conducting airstrikes on those who are according to evacuation directives, it is arguable that these actions cannot be classified as “noncombative methods.” In the context of the blockaded Gaza Strip, where there are presently no available evacuation routes, such psychological warfare assumes an even more psychologically distressing nature. Undoubtedly, residing within a densely populated strip of territory does not provide significant psychological comfort, especially during periods when Israel is not engaged in a full-scale conflict. In 2005, during the period when Israel’s withdrawal from Gaza did not occur as planned, Dr. Eyad El-Sarraj, the founder of the Gaza Community Mental Health Programme, criticized Israel’s actions. He accused Israel of attempting to instill a state of “learned helplessness” among the Palestinian population in Gaza, with the ultimate goal of subjecting the entire population to fear and immobilization.

In the documentary titled “On Gaza’s Mind” released in 2009, El-Sarraj attributed the societal breakdown in the Gaza Strip and the emergence of long-lasting generational issues to the continuous Israeli occupation. El-Sarraj specifically highlighted the detrimental impact of accumulated traumatic experiences over an extended period of time. The mental health crisis further exacerbated in subsequent years, characterized by a notable rise in the prevalence of depression and suicide. The profound psychological ramifications resulting from the protracted Israeli embargo on Gaza, which has persisted for nearly 17 years, are of utmost significance. Additionally, the detrimental impact of this closure on unemployment and poverty rates cannot be underestimated, since these variables exacerbate overall levels of anxiety and depression within the population. The prevailing insufficiency of sufficient provisions such as food, water, and electricity in Gaza serves to intensify sentiments of powerlessness and hinder the attainment of mental stability. In parallel, Israel is concurrently causing widespread psychological distress among the population of Gaza while also impeding the entry of essential medications, particularly mental pharmaceuticals, into the region. Furthermore, the situation is exacerbated by the occurrence of Israeli airstrikes targeting hospitals and other vital healthcare facilities within the Gaza Strip.

However, the inquiry remains as to the prospective outcomes for Gaza, ultimately, given Israel’s persistent engagement in the act of causing harm and psychological distress to its young population. In the year 2018, during the Great March of Return, the Israeli military caused the deaths of numerous Palestinians in Gaza. The Washington Post provided coverage on the dire mental health situation within the enclave, specifically focusing on the circumstances surrounding the 14-year-old Mohammad Ayyoub.

According to the Post, Ayyoub had experienced a total of three conflicts at a young age, resulting in significant psychological distress. According to the article, the relocation of the United States embassy to Jerusalem in that particular year evoked a sense of distress in him. Subsequently, he expressed his willingness to make a profound sacrifice for the city to his mother. On April 20, he clandestinely departed to participate in a demonstration situated on the Gaza-Israel border. Tragically, he was fatally shot in the head by an Israeli sniper during the course of the demonstration. Given the evident escalation of US involvement in the physical and psychological destruction in Gaza, which can be characterized as genocidal due to the Israeli military’s systematic eradication of entire Palestinian families, it would not be unexpected if an increased number of Palestinian youth choose to engage in acts of martyrdom. According to Dr. El-Sarraj’s statement to PBS, individuals can be influenced by their surroundings, thus being considered as a “product of the environment”. In the case of a young Palestinian residing in Gaza, subjecting them to an environment characterized by complete “hopelessness and despair” due to frequent exposure to acts of bombing, killing, murder, bloodshed, and humiliation, may potentially result in the development of a mindset where death is perceived as the commencement of life, leading to the emergence of a martyr.

Undoubtedly, the Gaza Strip not only functions as a physical space for Israel to experiment with its armaments, but it also serves as a fertile ground for the manifestation of disturbing psychological manipulations. In the midst of Israel’s ongoing and unparalleled wave of violence, which can only be characterized as deeply disturbing, one cannot help but ponder the profound impact it will have on the young minds of Gaza. What artistic expressions will emerge from their tender souls in the wake of such harrowing experiences? Shall dwellings and the radiant sun persist, or shall crimson streams and debris prevail?

November 9 2023

Forbidden Land: China’s Prohibition on Israel’s Cartographic Realm

Samuel Djuarsa Asia Pacific, Politics, Think Alibaba, Baidu, China, Israel, Konflik Israel-Palestina 0

According to the Wall Street Journal, maps available on the Chinese internet notably exclude the inclusion of Israel’s name. Alibaba and Baidu, prominent Chinese technology companies, have recently excluded the official name of Israel from their digital mapping services accessible on the internet. The decision is being made in response to the increasing prevalence of antisemitism on the Chinese internet subsequent to the conflict between the nation of Israel and the extremist group Hamas. Responding to the article, Chinese internet users have noted that Chinese tech giants Alibaba and Baidu have excluded the name “Israel” from their online maps, while still displaying its internationally recognized borders.

In response to the Journal, the maps additionally display Palestinian areas, prominent urban centers, and the names of neighboring nations like as Cyprus, Jordan, and Iraq. The research states that the novelty of the development remains uncertain. However, Chinese internet users have engaged in discussions over this alteration subsequent to the Hamas terrorist strike on October 7, resulting in the unfortunate demise of over 1,400 Israelis. Representatives from Alibaba and Baidu did not promptly provide responses to comment requests made by the journalist. However, Baidu spokesperson Jing Meng refuted the allegation of intentionally excluding Israel from the maps on the platform in a response provided to The Telegraph.

According to the statement provided to The Telegraph, in situations where there are spatial constraints, certain territories may not have their names or flags depicted on our maps. According to the speaker, individuals have the ability to locate respective countries or regions on Baidu Maps by employing the search feature provided by the map interface. In a riveting display of diplomatic prowess, China has consistently championed the cause of a two-state solution, thereby paving the way for the establishment of an autonomous Palestinian state. This unwavering commitment, as reported by the esteemed Associated Press, underscores China’s deep-rooted historical perspective on the matter.

In the aftermath of the conflict’s eruption, Xi’s close-knit circle has steadfastly maintained this position, advocating for an expeditious cessation of hostilities and the provision of vital humanitarian aid to the beleaguered Palestinian populace.

In a rather perplexing stance, Beijing has chosen to abstain from condemning Hamas, the militant group responsible for numerous acts of violence and unrest. However, the Chinese government did make a feeble attempt to salvage their reputation by declaring their opposition to any form of attacks targeting innocent civilians. This ambiguous position raises questions about Beijing’s true intentions and leaves us pondering the extent of their commitment to global peace and security. In a recent phone conversation, Wang Yi, the esteemed Chinese foreign minister, conveyed a thought-provoking sentiment to an advisor of the Brazilian president. According to a report by the reputable Associated Press, Wang Yi astutely highlighted the core issue at hand, asserting that the Palestinian people have been unjustly deprived of justice. This profound statement undoubtedly adds a layer of complexity to the ongoing discourse surrounding this contentious matter. In a poignant and somber tone, Wang, with an air of profound wisdom, eloquently emphasized the undeniable truth that this conflict, in all its heart-wrenching tragedy, serves as a stark reminder of the urgent need to reignite authentic peace negotiations and honor the just and rightful aspirations of the Palestinian people.

In a recent diplomatic encounter, China’s esteemed Middle East envoy, Zhai Jun, eloquently conveyed a sentiment of selflessness and unwavering commitment to peace, fairness, and justice. As reported by the reputable AP, Zhai Jun assured Palestinian and Egyptian officials that China’s involvement in the Palestinian issue is devoid of any ulterior motives or selfish interests. This statement serves as a testament to China’s steadfast dedication to upholding the principles of harmony and equity in the international arena.

In a scathing critique of the social media landscape in China, Insider’s esteemed journalist Matthew Loh reveals a distressing reality. With a distinct lack of diplomacy, Chinese social media users have unleashed a torrent of vitriolic and abhorrent antisemitic posts targeting Israel. This wave of hatred has shamelessly permeated the country’s online platforms, leaving no room for decency or respect. In a resounding display of solidarity, a recent Weibo post has taken the social media sphere by storm, capturing the hearts and minds of netizens with its unwavering support for the Palestinian cause. In a world where geopolitical tensions run high, it is not surprising to witness a groundswell of support for the Palestinian cause among the masses. The plight of the Palestinian people, who have long endured a complex web of political, social, and economic challenges, reson In a poignant display of resilience and determination, Palestine finds itself embroiled in a relentless battle for its very existence. In a report by the esteemed state media agency Xinhua, one of the top posts was quoted as saying, “It is nearly reaching the culmination of its journey, teetering on the precipice of the end.”

Israel, with the United States by its side, May triumph in the battle’s tide. Yet, alas! The world’s virtuous souls, Shall withhold their support, as fate unfolds.

November 8 2023

China’s Conflicting Thoughts During The War Between Israel and Hamas

Samuel Djuarsa Asia Pacific, Politics, Security and Defence, Think BRICS, Hamas, Kebijakan Luar Negeri China, Konflik Israel-Palestina 0

The conflict between Israel and Hamas has brought to light a significant cognitive dissonance stemming from Beijing’s perceptions and strategies about the Middle East. China has endeavored to present itself as an impartial entity in the issue, seemingly aiming to establish its role as a mediator. Nevertheless, the Chinese government has chosen not to denounce the October 7 assault on Israel by Hamas or acknowledge Iran’s involvement in orchestrating these acts of aggression. In contrast, Chinese authorities, media organizations under state control, and social media platforms attribute responsibility for the conflict on Israel and the United States. It is evident that China has consistently expressed support for the Palestinian cause during the Cold War era, employing a customary approach of condemning Israel in order to cultivate positive relationships with Arab and Muslim nations. This can be observed by China’s voting patterns in the United Nations. Similarly, taking advantage of the opportunity to depict the United States as a destabilizing entity and promoting the idea that there exists a feasible alternative to America’s liberal international system is a well-known strategy. Nevertheless, the fundamental principles that guide China’s approach appear to be increasingly incongruent with the evolving dynamics of the Middle East.

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Bahrain, as examples, have subsequently issued official statements denouncing Hamas, a stance that contradicts Beijing’s reasoning. Chinese officials consistently reiterate their longstanding claim that the Israel-Palestinian problem holds paramount importance in the Middle East. However, it appears that their Sunni counterparts no longer espouse this viewpoint. In contemporary times, a considerable number of Arab states have come to hold the belief, in conjunction with Israel, that Iran, as China’s comprehensive strategic partner, represents the primary source of destabilization within the region.

The diplomatic ties between China and the nations of Iran and Saudi Arabia

The shared impression of threat arises from Iran’s propagation of an intolerant form of radical Islam, its development of nuclear and ballistic missile capabilities, and its assertive utilization of proxy factions with the aim of inciting regional instability, toppling Sunni governments, and annihilating Israel. Senior members of Hamas, in conjunction with Iranian authorities, have provided confirmation that Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps and its affiliated groups provided assistance to Hamas in carrying out this offensive. Qatar serves as an additional significant financial source for Hamas. Hezbollah, an Islamist-militant group associated with Iran, characterized the attack as “a communication directed towards those who are pursuing the process of normalization with Israel.”

The significance of the ideological danger presented to moderate-Sunni regimes by Iran and its proxies should not be underestimated. Over the course of a minimum of ten years, many nations ranging from Morocco to the United Arab Emirates have endeavored to advance a more liberal interpretation of Islam as a viable alternative to the extremist ideology propagated by influential figures such as the Ayatollah of Tehran. The aspirations to establish a more stable and pluralistic Middle East have been expressed in the Marrakesh Declaration of 2016 and the Charter of Makkah of 2019. Similar to Iran, China is likely speculating that if the crisis escalates, the increasing backing of the Palestinians by Sunni populations around the region will eventually prompt their leaders to publicly condemn Israel. Furthermore, if the ongoing conflict were to disrupt the progress made by the U.S.-led Abraham Accords, which have facilitated the normalization of relations between the UAE, Bahrain, Morocco, and Sudan with Israel, it would undermine America’s containment strategy and provide an opportunity for China to advance its alternative approach to regional security, as outlined in its conceptual document titled “Global Security Initiative” released in February 2023.

It is conceivable that Tehran’s proposal may have unintended negative consequences. In light of the aforementioned circumstances, it can be argued that the assault orchestrated by Hamas, with support from Iran, directly undermines the fundamental security interests of numerous Sunni states. Consequently, this situation is expected to bolster Israel’s attractiveness as a viable security ally in the foreseeable future. Recently, Ali Rashid Al Nuaimi, the head of the Defense, Interior, and Foreign Affairs Committee of the Federal National Council of the United Arab Emirates, expressed his agreement with this concept. As per the statement made by the chairman, it is asserted that the Accords hold significant importance for our future. The aforementioned statement highlights that the platform in question is not merely a bilateral agreement between two governments, but rather a comprehensive initiative aimed at catalyzing transformative changes in the region. Its overarching objective is to foster an environment characterized by enhanced security, stability, and prosperity for all stakeholders involved. China may perceive strategic benefits in exerting influence over a politically volatile entity such as Iran. In the event that circumstances need, Beijing has the potential to utilize its association with Tehran as a strategic tool in wider geopolitical discussions with other influential entities. China’s current lack of confidence among regional entities and limited regional hard power hinder its significant involvement in the mediation process. Nevertheless, the diplomatic ties between Beijing and the Islamic Republic are expected to secure China’s participation in the negotiation process. Beijing would not extend its influence on Tehran without expecting something in return.

Saudi Arabia is evidently discontented. The Kingdom had anticipated a period of tranquility following its diplomatic agreement with Iran, facilitated by China. The Saudi Crown Prince, Mohammed bin Salman (MBS), expressed a desire to prioritize the digital and economic development of the nation, advocate for a more moderate interpretation of Islam, and gradually move towards establishing normalized relations with Israel. The Saudi population has the belief that their participation in the accords will result in the marginalization of Hamas, thereby exerting pressure on the Palestinians to renounce terrorism and embrace a peaceful resolution. MBS is observing with a sense of unease, primarily concerned about the situation in Yemen and the involvement of the Houthis, who are widely regarded as an Iranian proxy. The individual would likely have taken notice of the presence of two U.S. aircraft carrier strike groups, perceiving them as a representation of the significance associated with being under the protection of the U.S. security framework. This may not necessarily be advantageous for China in the long run.

Has the opportunity been wasted?

It is evident that, despite Beijing’s extensive range of interests in the Middle East, encompassing oil, economic, technology, and security domains, it is highly unlikely that China’s Fujian carrier will be deployed in the region in the near future. The escalation of tensions between China and Western nations has resulted in an increased level of China’s involvement in the region. This is evident through its efforts to grow the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. China’s emerging regional military presence leaves it vulnerable, as it depends on the regional hard power projection capabilities of its strategic competitor to safeguard its interests. However, Beijing missed a significant chance to establish mutual understanding with its adversaries, including the United States (and the Western world in general), India, and Japan, by neglecting to condemn Hamas. Beijing acknowledges that its stance is likely to find support among several countries in the Global South, such as South Africa, Malaysia, and others, particularly when presented with anti-colonial rhetoric.

There have been emerging reports indicating a rise in coordinated dissemination of anti-Israel and anti-U.S./Western propaganda within the Iran-China-Russia alliance. It is probable that this tendency will persist. In order to provide a broader viewpoint, a commentator characterized a recent episode on CCTV as generating the perception that Israel initiated the bombing of Gaza without any apparent justification, including the deliberate targeting of emergency vehicles, thereby reinforcing the notion that such actions are characteristic of Israel. According to Matt Turpin, an individual who held the position of China Director at the U.S. National Security Council during the period of 2018 to 2019, the axis is engaged in the dissemination of content that capitalizes on divisions present within and between democratic nations. This is achieved by amplifying popular criticisms originating from both the left and right ends of the political spectrum within individual countries. Chinese officials, scholars, and state media persistently propagate the notion that the absence of a Palestinian state and the historical injustices endured by the Palestinian people are the fundamental factors contributing to the current predicament. These perspectives are considered to be crucial to comprehending the broader Middle East issue. Chinese scholars, politicians, and observers frequently neglect to acknowledge the fact that Hamas has officially articulated its intention to establish an Islamic State of Palestine including the entire region “from the river to the sea,” so implying the absence of Israel. Nonetheless, the utilization of reductionism becomes advantageous in instances where it aligns with Beijing’s inclination to attribute all of the region’s difficulties to Israel and the United States. Furthermore, it is highly probable that this action is deliberate. Presenting a concise and easily understandable method to address a multifaceted problem proves to be a highly impactful and efficient means of communication, particularly in the context of a meme. Chinese scholars have demonstrated a tendency to utilize historical events in shaping their narratives. However, it is noteworthy that they frequently omit the fact that Israel has extended multiple offers to the Palestinians for the establishment of a state. Regrettably, the Palestinians have consistently declined these proposals.

China’s stance disregards the internal dynamics within the Palestinian community that hinder advancements in this area. In 2006, Hamas was democratically elected to govern the Gaza Strip. Subsequently, in the following year, Hamas forcefully displaced the Palestine Authority, which continues to govern the West Bank. Consequently, these two entities have since maintained a contentious and adversarial relationship. Corruption pervades the ranks of both political parties, and the absence of an independent Palestine results in a continuous influx of substantial foreign money, which is utilized to sustain their respective military capabilities, construct complex tunnel networks, and amass personal wealth, while ordinary Palestinian citizens endure hardship. With whom does Beijing propose that Israel engage in negotiations?

The irony lies in the fact that Hamas and Iran, along with their proxies, espouse and endorse an extremist form of intolerant Islam that China perceives as a significant threat. This has led Beijing to adopt domestic measures that have attracted strong condemnation from the global community. The transnational nature of radical Islamist ideology is exemplified by the incident in which an Israeli individual was subjected to a stabbing attack in the public spaces of Beijing. Forging closer ties with Tehran is unlikely to effectively protect China or its interests in the Middle East against the threats of separatism, extremism, and terrorism, which are being stoked by the Ayatollah and his followers. In fact, it may have the opposite effect. Chinese intellectuals and policymakers are not unaware of these realities. Nevertheless, the leadership of China appears to have the perspective that admitting these matters does not significantly contribute to the advancement of Beijing’s goals. China has undoubtedly made adequate preparations to assume the role of the rotating presidency at the United Nations Security Council for the current month. The text is expected to portray China’s “Global Security Initiative” as a potential catalyst for peace, prosperity, and a resolution to the security issues faced by the Middle East. As a demonstration of amity, unity, and endorsement for Israel, German Chancellor Olaf Scholz, U.K. Prime Minister Rishi Sunak, and U.S. President Joe Biden recently undertook a visit to Tel Aviv. In the context of China’s foreign policy in the Middle East, it asserts amicable relations with all nations in the region, a claim that raises questions regarding its feasibility.